Internal iliac artery aneurysms are rare. In most instances, they do not cause symptoms unless they rupture. Mortality after rupture is about 50%. Aneurysm under 25-30mm in size can be watched with serial imaging - typically CT. Aneurysms > 25-30mm should be treated to avoid rupture. Endovascular repair is preferred to open surgery as it is safer, faster and effective.
67 year old male, type1 diabetic, with painful ulceration at the tip of the second toe. Patient did not toe amputation.
101 year old female, admitted to the hospital with foot and toe pain. Patient had a cool pulseless foot.
Nutcracker syndrome is one of the causes of secondary pelvic congestion syndrome.